Wednesday, December 3, 2014

In-class Final Preparation, 12/10: 2:45-4:45pm

Preparing for In-class Finals

1. Organize your notes, including, use of the 3- or 4- or 5-column note chart
  •  Recognize patterns in the subject text(s), including:

o   actions that get repeated (implied or overt)
o   images & events
o   …other language…
  •  Recognize key examples that you can cite in your own essay.

o   What is important about the example? What does the scene/line support? Make sure to put the page number (and line number for poems) down so that you can easily cite in your essay.
  • Pose questions about the meaning a reader can get out of the text, its actions and its conclusions. An effective strategy for a writer is to “predict” what he or she will be writing on based on multiple factors:

o   Teacher’s stressing ideas, certain pages, etc.
o   Reviewing your Active Reading notes and matching up what you’ve noted with class lectures and your teacher’s stresses.

2. Create a Vocabulary for the essay topic à Word Bank of language that goes with the subject you will be writing on.
  •  Key words from the subject text: character names, place, larger thematic ideas


3. Draft an outline of your ideas, and supporting examples (w/ page and lines) under each point.

4a. Organize the steps you will take once you get to class.
·      What pre-writing steps will you take?
·      How much time will you spend on pre-writing?
·      How will you manage your time?
·      How much time do you need to edit your work, and how will you accomplish this?
o   Which weaknesses in my writing must I focus my editing on?

4b. Organize your materials prior to class:

  • Are you allowed to use your book(s)? Yes, then an effective strategy to use is to create Post-it tabs in your book so that you can easily find pages you will cite.
  • Are you allowed to use notes? Clarify with your professors in advance, and start drafting notes whenever you have time. 

o   Re-write your notes, and put ideas in an order of importance.
o   Example: I would put all vocab words together, if a teacher gave vocab terms in a class. I would put all of the theories together, if my teachers gave me all kinds of theories to review. I would note down the main ways (3-4 similarities) the multiple texts have in one place in my notes.

5. Write your own essay questions. Then, set a half hour aside and take a practice exam where you follow through on your pre-writing strategies, etc.! 

  •  There is nothing like trying to visualize and mimic how you think the process is going to go down. Believe me, taking an in-class exam is stressful for every student, even the most prepared. Part of your studying for the exam is not simply to review individual ideas, but to try and practice writing the essay so that you can see how each of your ideas goes together. I would see a practice exam as a rough draft.

Sample Research Essays and Considerations

1. Here is a literary analysis essay that is similar to ours in form.


  • This one introduces criticism (secondary sources) in the introduction. Though not a 100% necessity, doing so can help you frame your own research arguments going forward. 
  • The danger, of course, is going into too much depth with too many sources. Nonetheless, consider doing this if you have a "thin" introduction.


  • This essay assumes the reader knows the play; therefore, the thesis is the only time they mention Shakespeare and the play. 
  • In my experience, teachers are 50/50 on whether or not you can assume information--so clarify that with them. I tend to ask you, my students, to outline your subtopics in your introductions, unlike this one. I find writing cautiously with context more effective than "leaving ideas off the page." 


  • They summarize the beginning and end of the plot because their GRQ and thesis is to analyze with research the cause of the character change. 
  • This analysis does not have any source material within the intro, and that can work. Notice, however, that the writer tends to use signal phrases in topic sentences to frame their own answers in context of research sources.
  • With a collection of poems, you will want to list a few poems that represent the collection--poems which you explicate in the essay in order to support your research argument! 

  • This writer organizes sources as support for their own claims! Rather than framing the argument using sources, the researcher transitions to sources once they have outlined their own claims. This organizational method (writing behavior) connotes a lot of authority in the researcher.




Please fill out Student Opinion Forms for classes by 12/7: (extra credit)


Notes on Some of the Poems

Below are some notes to give you an example of how one annotates as they go alone reading poems. Since you are going to be making comparison points between one of these poets and one of the other texts we've read this term, I wanted to give you another model of "taking notes" on a text. Your insight as a writer and speaker comes from the more you look for an discuss as a reader. Allow note-taking to help you posit questions and find patterns in the work you are reading. 

Slow Lightning

  • "To the Beastangel" (53) (Robert Hayden's "Bone-flower Elegy" reference)
    • epigram: "unconscionable musics"=not right or reasonable (the inability to reason, or pin down)
    • Couplets (like an elegy)
      • juxtaposition 
        • of obesity and beauty
        • finch and mole (moles being icky)
        • father and wreath 
        • immaculateness versus hunger (ravenous--a bird pun)
    • The crushing of the bird represents...
      • power of the lover
      • destruction of the innocent
      • a deep sadness at such an evil act
    • The "ash" reference...Christianity and Easter
      • start of fasting (Lent)
      • resurrection of JC
    • "I ask..." points out the lovers frustration or...showing the speaker how demanding or needy he must be, is.


  • "To the Angelbeast" (55)
    • first line: that "music" is not always pretty, beautiful...happy
    • the tension of reality versus fantasy
    • the anticipation of the act versus the act itself
  1. In both poems, the interchanging of two words indicates the two perspectives with which a person is looked at, and feels. Both the angel and the beast, the holy and the mortal, the fantastical and the plainness. Also, the tension between violence and peace, self-debaseness versus acceptance. These juxtapositions are seen throughout the collection, maximized in these paired poems. 
    • "To rend me and redeem" are the last lines of Hayden's poem. The connection to Corral's work is in that final line of "The Bone-Flower Elegy"
  • "To a Jornalero Cleaning Out My Neighbor's Garage" (61)
    • lines are broken and indented with chiasmus (inversion of language, idea)
    • "draft animals"=mules, horses...used in farming 
    • The speaker is learned ("In graduate school") but seen as a stupid migrant (...a landlord asked, / Here to pick strawberries?") .
    • A joke: "And I came from Hermosillo/ seeking gold and wealth" (sarcasm that plays off of the migrant stereotype, even with a very Spanish-sounding city...
    • Juxtaposition of English rhythms and Corrido singers (ballad singers) with the slur...lots to say about this passage
    • French horn=impressive, classical instrument; juxtaposes with "butcher"
    • Lots of turning of phrase, never pinning down there person, showing the complexity of going back and forth between servitude and wealth.
      • "the golden entrails of cattle" =golden v. guts; fantasy v. reality; cattle its own type of possible commentary...people as cattle, being in control...
  • "Monologue of a Vulture's Shadow" (73)
    • dominate v. submissive relationship
      • the complicity of a relationship= "I long to return"
    • Who is this female master? Nature, a mother?
      • Perhaps the speaker's mother: "kept on the shelf of an armoire" like the picture of a child, her child. 
    • "I ceased to blacken the earth" indicates feelings of sadness--that the speaker sees their position in society is to be a dark figure...
    • America?
    • "As my master ate, I ate" seems to indicate that in some way the speaker's personhood comes from how they are treated and dominated by the master. Also, the two are put together, a symbiotic relationship. ...




When My Brother Was an Aztec  

  • "Of Course She Looked Back" (88)
    • Biblical allusion to Lot's wife
    • First Stanza
      • "shivering city"=cold, problematic
      • "like she owned it": something to do with control, tonally ____
    • Second Stanza
      • "could have": possibility, but also her necessity in turning back. What does her actual looking back mean, then, since she didn't have to?
      • "had to": why?
    • Third Stanza
      • "like debris" and "broken shirts" and "busted red bells" all indicate a sad-looking place. Yet, anything else? 
    • Fourth Stanza
      • "noise" -- another sense, from 3rd stanza. 
      • images of the noise are of sadness...helpless things: dogs, children, roosters
    • Fifth stanza
      • worries about what she's missing in those basic questions
      • husband is a contrast, wants her to move on (she can't).
    • Sixth stanza
      • "like hot fruit in a persimmon orchard"=fruit of the gods, triumph, joy...how does that normal symbolism stand with the whole poem,  but also with this line? Is the "hot fruit" making a comment on the sins and the spoiledness?
    • Seventh stanza
      • What are all of the individual images leading you to. Why is it "Of course" that she looks back...
    • If Lot's wife is often indicted in Genesis for looking back, does this poem support that indictment or justify his wife? 
      • Look at the last stanza as you consider your answer. 
      • Look again at the first line, which connects the reader to Lot's wife. Isn't that impactful! What can you write about that--explain the connection.


  • "A Wild Life Zoo"(101) 
    • wild life=separated words indicates?
    • epigram: a poem, thematically indicting of life's pains...
    • Prose poem form
    • First stanza
      • What does a lion represent? The poem centers around him (lion, not lioness) and his actions, so the allegory or meaning has to be about his actions and what causes them...
      • What is shocking and ironic about "The man had earned this feast..."?
    • Second stanza
      • images indicate the simple power of the beast--its warning against man
    • Third stanza
      • "didn't want to do it--" means?
      • "sleep"
      • crowd's disbelief
      • lion's mouth being "the six of a cathedral" gives the lion what type of character? How does the description indicate speaker sides with the lion, not the man torn apart? Explain!
      • "like large pink wigwams at a war party" -- comparison of lion's mouth to a Native image means...! WRITE IT! The lion is a metaphor for white culture disturbing the "beast".
      • the rest of the "zoo" metaphor is implied by the references to "pagoda" and "koi pond" -- the stealing of other peoples' cultures...
    • Fourth stanza
      • "like a mortal wound" infers that the wound isn't really mortal. The man really isn't  mortally impaired by his actions, no is he really wounded. But how could that be!?
    • Fifth stanza
      • "SWAT gear and khaki shorts" are seemingly juxtaposing images: one is of the law and one is of business, but both are together. What does that connote? White culture. Casualness put together with seriousness. A show. A play. A front. 
      • "Saint Michael"=protector, leader of the army against evil! Another indictment of Christian perspective. 
    • Sixth
      • What were the Crusades? 
      • Animals ready to get "revenge" or to "revolt"
      • "I believed the lion..." means....
    • This poem is a propos to Ferguson! 
    • Of course a set of people looks like villains and their anger looks like hate when they are replying to subjugation. How else does one fight being dominated by another? 
    • The poem's use of "the king of the animal world" is quite interesting--
      • because of both its royalty connotations 
      • and because of what gives the lion its royalty (the physical prowess)
        • a point and two reasons come out here

Monday, December 1, 2014

HW for Wednesday

Pose one question about either research or your final. Bring all four of the books we've read this semester.

  • The final is an in-class essay in which you will thematically connect either Diaz or Corral's work to that Beah or Jensen's work.
    • You will have a choice of prompts

Thinking of Secondary Sources...

How are thinking about secondary sources? 
  • directly
  • indirectly
What are you trying to use sources for?
  • to support your understanding and arguments of their aesthetic (lyric, narrative, rhyme, etc.)
  • to support your understanding and arguments of their subject matter...
    • to provide historical context
      • for the time period itself
      • for the poet as part of a larger poetic movement
Which sources are the most important to your research?
  • contextualize all sources before you use them...
    • authority of each author: what are their credentials?
  • Not all sources are to be equally used--which one's do you find most important to structuring your argument?
    • spend more time integrating those authors into your essay sentences if they help drive home your claims!

A Few Important Poetry Critics

Hellen Vendler
Jaswinder Bolina
Harold Bloom
Stephen Burt
William Logan


A Helpful Database for criticism:



Re-emphasizing 3rd person & other small writer things in research

Keep the focus on your subject matter. Many of you have shifted focus sometimes away from the text, or you attempt to make universal points without attaching them to the pieces themselves. Try and make your universal points within claims about the author and their work, starting sentences with  subjects like...


The author [Replace with full name/last name] seems most interested in exploring ...

The poet ...


The critic...

The sociologist...

According to the study, _____ [verb] ...

The poet twists expectations for...

The writer cleverly ... by...

The speaker wishes...

The speaker withholds ..

[writer's] first goal

The writer uses [enjambment] to [emphasize]

The writer emphasizes [economic class] through...[violent metaphors involving ...]

The speaker defies expectations by/in/when...

The speakers reinforce [the theme] ...



Writing about multiple texts...making your Research Essay Claims Large...before supporting a larger reading of the author's work, start your major point paragraphs with discussion of the poet's work "as a whole":


In each poem [piece, work],...

In many of [author's] works...

While "..." demonstrates..., "..."  [and "..." ] exemplify....

[Author's] poetry explores/subverts/criticizes/mocks/satirizes...